Definition:
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and other sources, cancer is a disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. It can start in any area of the body, with the prevalence rate of different cancers varying.
Is Cancer Curable?
Cancer is Curable!!! The early detection and treatment of cancer can significantly cure and improve the chances of remission and a person’s outlook. While there is currently no definitive cure for terminal/ advanced stages of cancer. Successful treatment can result in cancer going into remission, which means that all signs of it have gone.
How is Cancer Formed?
The pathogenesis of cancer involves a series of complex processes that lead to the transformation of normal cells into cancerous cells. Here’s a simplified explanation:
- Molecular Pathogenesis of Cancer (Genes and Cancer): The pathogenesis of cancer begins at the molecular level with genetic changes in the cell. These changes can occur in sections of DNA called genes, causing them to become oncogenes. There are four types of regulatory genes involved in normal cell growth:
- Proto-oncogenes (growth-promoting)
- Anti-oncogenes (growth suppressor)
- Apoptosis regulatory genes
- DNA repair genes
- Chemical Carcinogenesis: Certain chemicals, known as chemical carcinogens, can cause these genetic changes. Examples include nickel compounds, cadmium, arsenic, nitrosamines, trichloroethylene, arylamines, benzopyrene, aflatoxins, and reactive oxygen radicals.
- Physical Carcinogenesis: Physical factors such as ultraviolet (UV) rays and ionizing radiation (x-rays and gamma rays) can also cause genetic changes that lead to cancer.
- Biological Carcinogenesis: Certain viruses, known as oncoviruses, and bacteria have been associated with various types of cancers. Examples include the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Hepatitis B and C viruses, and the bacterium Helicobacter pylori.
The commonly accepted basis of the pathogenesis of cancer is the damage to the genetic apparatus of cells, such as mutation, disturbance of gene expression, activation of tumour promoter genes, and inactivation of tumour suppressor genes. It’s important to note that the development of malignant tumours requires damage to the genetic apparatus of the cell along with inactivation of anti-tumour genes